To find something in the General Terminology, click on a letter.

A	B	C	D	E	F	G
H	I	J	K	L	M	N
O	P	Q	R	S	T	U
V	W	X	Y	Z

 

Pronunciation:

A = AArdvArk I = pIzza U = blUe E = somewhere between Echo and tAble O = bOne

Common Attacks:

Katate Tori One hand holding one hand.
Aia Tori One hand holding one hand cross handed.
Morote Tori Two hands holding one hand.
Kata Tori Shoulder hold.
Ryo Kata Tori Grabbing both shoulders.
Ryote Tori Two hands holding two hands.
Mune Dori One or two hand lapel hold.
Hiji Tori Elbow grab.
Ushiro Tekubi Tori Wrist grab from the back.
Ushiro Ryote Tori Two hands holding two hands from the back.
Ushiro Ryo Kata Tori Grabbing both shoulders from the back.
Ushiro Kubi Shime Rear choke.
Shomen Uchi Overhead strike to the head.
Yokomen Uchi Diagonal strike to the side of the head.
Tsuki Straight thrust (punch), esp. to the midsection.
Atemi Strike, esp. thrust or punch (see tsuki).

Basic Techniques:

Ikkyo, Oshi taoshi, Ikkajo Arm bar (ude osae)
Nikkyo, Kote mawashi, Nikkajo Wrist turn in.
Sankyo, Kote hineri, Sankajo Wrist twist in.
Yonkyo, Tekubi, osae Yonkajo Wrist/finger press.
Gokyo, Ude Nobashi, Gokajo Arm like a bridge – knife defense.
Rokkyo, Waki gatame, hiji-jime-osae Elbow Lock (ude hishigi)

Basic Throws:

Irimi Nage Entering throw.
Juji Nage Arm entwining throw.
Kaiten Nage Rotary throw.
Kokyu Nage Breath throw.
Koshi Nage Hip throw.
Kote Gaeshi Wrist turn-out.
Shiho Nage Four direction throw.
Sumi Otoshi Corner drop.
Tenchi Nage Heaven and earth throw.
Ude Garami Arm lock throw
Hiji Shime Elbow Lock
Sokumen Irimi Nage Side Step in Throw
Aiki Nage A type of Breath (Kokyu Nage) Throw
Hijiate Nage Hitting Elbow Throw Hikiotoshi Pull Down Throw

Counting:

1=Ichi, 2=Ni, 3=San, 4=Shi (Yon), 5=Go, 6=Roku, 7=Shichi (Nana), 8=Hachi, 9=Kyu (Ku), 10=Ju, 11 = jyu-ichi, 12 =jyu-ni, 13 = jyu-san,

20 = ni-jyu, 21 = ni-jyu-ichi 22 = ni-jyu-ni,…

30 = san-jyu, 40 = yon-jyu,…

100 = hyaku

General Terminology:

A	B	C	D	E	F	G
H	I	J	K	L	M	N
O	P	Q	R	S	T	U
V	W	X	Y	Z

Agatsu

“Self victory.” According to the founder, true victory (Masakatsu) isthe victory one achieves over oneself (Agatsu). Thus one of the founder’s “slogans” was Masakatsu Agatsu — “The true victory of self-mastery.”

Ai The principal of harmony and integration.
Ai Hanmi Mutual stance where Uke and Nage each have the same foot forward (right-right,left-left).Situation in which opponents face each other in same posture.
Ai Nuke “Mutual escape.” An outcome of a duel where each participant escapes harm. This corresponds to the ideal of Aikido according to which a conflict is resolved without injury to any party involved.Mutual preservation.
Ai Uchi “Mutual kill.” An outcome of a duel where each participant kills the other. In classical Japanese swordsmanship, practitioners were often encouraged to enter a duel with the goal of achieving at least an Ai Uchi. The resolution to win the duel even at the cost of one’s own life was thought to aid in cultivating an attitude of single-minded focus on the task of cutting down one’s opponent. This single-minded focus is exemplified in Aikido in the technique, Ikkyo, where one enters into an attacker’s range in order to effect the technique.Mutual destruction.
Aia Tori One hand holding one hand cross handed.
Aiki Universal life energy, the creative principle of life.
Aiki no kurai The secret of aiki, the highest consciousness of aiki.
Aiki Otoshi Projection Number 5.
Aiki Taiso The basic exercises of Aikido.
Aikido The art founded by Morihei Ueshiba O Sensei, the way of aiki.A modern discipline of harmony between opposites on a universal scale.The word “Aikido” is made up of three Japanese characters: Ai- harmony, Ki-spirit, mind, or universal energy, Do- the Way. Thus Aikido is “the Way of Harmony with Universal Energy.” However, Aiki may also be interpreted as “accommodation to circumstances.” This latter interpretation is somewhat non-standard, but it avoids certain undesirable metaphysical commitments and also epitomizes quite well both the physical and psychological facets of Aikido.
Aikidoka One who practices Aikido.One who participates in Aikido. A practitioner of Aikido.
Aikijutsu An ancient technique of combat based upon the principle of coordination between the attack and the defense.
Aikikai “Aiki association.” A term used to designate the organization created by the founder for the dissemination of Aikido.
Amaterasu (Omi Kami) The goddess of the sun (Shinto).
Ashi Leg or Foot. Ashi Sabaki Footwork. Proper footwork is essential in Aikido for developing strong balance and for facilitating ease of movement.
Atemi A strike to an opening.(lit. Striking the Body) Strike directed at the attacker for purposes of unbalancing or distraction. Atemi is often vital for bypassing or “short-circuiting” an attacker’s natural responses to Aikido techniques. The first thing most people will do when they feel their body being manipulated in an unfamiliar way is to retract their limbs and drop their center of mass down and away from the person performing the technique. By judicious application of atemi, it is possible to create a “window of opportunity” in the attacker’s natural defenses, facilitating the application of an Aikido technique. Blows delivered against vulnerable points of the body.
Atemiwaza Atemi technique(s).
Ayumi Ashi Alternated step.

Bo Stave, jo.
Bo Kata A formal exercise with the stave.
Bojutsu The technique of the stave.
Bokken Wooden practice Sword.
Bokuto Wooden sword. Many Aikido movements are derived from traditional Japanese fencing. In advanced practice, weapons such as the Bokken are used in learning subtleties of certain movements, the relationships obtaining between armed and unarmed techniques, defenses against weapons, and the like.
Bu To stop weapons (literally, “to stop a spear”), war.An ideogram related to the military dimension; used in compounds such as bushi.
Buddhism The doctrine of enlightenment propounded by the InDain philosopher Guatama Siddharta (563 – 483 B.C.)
Budo The way of Bu.“Martial way.” The Japanese character for “Bu” (martial) is derived from characters meaning “stop” and (a weapon like a) “halberd.” In conjunction, then, “Bu” may have the connotation “to stop the halberd.” In Aikido, there is an assumption that the best way to prevent violent conflict is to emphasize the cultivation of individual character. The way (Do) of Aiki is thus equivalent to the way of Bu, taken in this sense of preventing or avoiding violence so far as possible.
Budoka One who practices budo.
Bujutsu Fighting techniques.The arts of the warrior.
Bushi Warrior. ,
Bushido The way of the Warrior.The code of honor of the bushi .

Chi Wisdom, intelligence.
Chin kon ki shin A practice intended to aid one in joining with the universal spirit and to help one understand the divine mission that it is one’s life goal to fulfil.
Chokusen Direct. Thus Chokusen No Irimi = direct entry.
Chu Loyalty.

Chudan Natural hand position, a central position.“Middle position.” Thus Chudan No Kamae = a stance characterized by having one’s hands/sword in a central position with respect to one’s body.
Chushin One’s center.Center. Especially, the center of one’s movement or balance.
Confucianism The moral doctrine of right conduct, extremely social in content, propounded by the Chinese scholar and philosopher Confucions (551 – 479 B.C.)

Dan A rank.Black belt rank. In IAF Aikido, the highest rank it is now possible to obtain is 9th Dan. There are some aikidoists who hold ranks of 10th dan. These ranks were awarded by the founder prior to his death, and cannot be rescinded. White belt ranks are called Kyu ranks.
Deshi A follower, a student, a disciple.
Do The way.The method or “way,” a discipline and philosophy with both moral and spiritual connotations. A cut to the side. Way/path. The Japanese character for “Do” is the same as the Chinese character for Tao (as in “Taoism”). In Aikido, the connotation is that of a way of attaining enlightenment or a way of improving one’s character through aiki.
Do-no-tanden Middle-mody training.
Dogi Practice uniform.
Dojo Place where one studies a do, or way.A training hall where the martial arts are practiced; in Zen monasteries, the hall of spiritual exercises, meditation, and concentration. Literally “place of the Way.” Also “place of enlightenment.” The place where we practice Aikido. Traditional etiquette prescribes bowing in the direction of the shrine (Kamiza) or the designated front of the dojo (Shomen) whenever entering or leaving the dojo.
Dojo Cho The head of the dojo. A title. Currently, Moriteru Ueshiba (grandson of the founder) is Dojo Cho at World Aikido Headquarters (“Hombu Dojo”) in Tokyo, Japan.
Domo Arigato Gozaimashita Japanese for “thank you very much.” At the end of each class, it is proper to bow and thank the instructor and those with whom you’ve trained.
Dori Take, grab, grasp.
Doshu The person who shows the way, head of Aikido.Head of the way (currently Kisshomaru Ueshiba, son of Aikido’s founder, Morihei Ueshiba). The highest official authority in IAF Aikido.

Engi(Inter)dependent origination (Sanskrit = pratitya samutpada). In Buddhist philosophy, phenomena have no unchanging essences. Rather, they originate and exist only in virtue of material and causal conditions. Without these material and causal conditions, there would be no phenomena. Furthermore, since the material and causal conditions upon which all phenomena depend are continually in flux, phenomena themselves are one and all impermanent. Since whatever is impermanent and dependent for existence on conditions has no absolute status (or is not absolutely real), it follows that phenomena (what are ordinarily called “things”) are have no absolute or independent existential status, i.e., they are empty. To cultivate a cognitive state in which the empty status of things is manifest is to realize or attain enlightenment. The realization of enlightenment, in turn, confers a degree of cognitive freedom and spontaneity which, among other (and arguably more important) benefits, facilitates the performance of martial techniques in response to rapidly changing circumstances. (see Ku)

Fudo Shin “Immovable mind.” A state of mental equanimity or imperturbability. The mind, in this state, is calm and undistracted (metaphorically, therefore, “immovable”). Fudo Myo is a Buddhist guarDain deity who carries a sword in one hand (to destroy enemies of the Buddhist doctrine), and a rope in the other (to rescue sentient beings from the pit of delusion, or from Buddhist hell-states). He therefore embodies the two-fold Buddhist ideal of wisdom (the sword) and compassion (the rope). To cultivate Fudo Shin is thus to cultivate a mind which can accommodate itself to changing circumstances without compromise of ethical principles.
Fukushidoin A formal title whose connotation is something approximating “assistant instructor.”
Furi Kaburi Sword-raising movement. This movement in found especially in Ikkyo, Irimi-Nage, and Shiho-Nage.

Gaku Calligraphy or motto hung on dojo walls.
Gedan A low hand position.Lower position. Gedan No Kamae is thus a stance with the hands or a weapon held in a lower position.
Gi The regular uniform, normally white, used in most schools of martial arts; in aikido it is worn under the hakama.Honor, justice.
Gi (Do Gi) (Keiko Gi) Training costume. Either judo-style or karate-style Gi are acceptable in most Dojo, but they must be white and cotton. (No black satin Gi with embroidered dragons. Please.) Giri Cut. Go Five.
Gokyo Immobilization no. 5.Fifth Technique (reverse arm pin).
Goshi The lateral pelvis; hips (see also koshi).
Gyaku Hanmi Opposing stance (if Uke has the right foot forward, Nage has the left foot forward, if Uke has the left foot forward, Nage has the right foot forward).Situation in which opponents face each other in different postures.

Hachi Eight.
Hakama Traditional pleated pants worn by the samurai and by kobudo students. There are seven pleats and “‘They symbolize the seven virtues of budo’, O Sensei said. ‘These are jin (benevolence,) gi (honor or justice,) rei (courtesy and etiquette,) chi (wisdom, intelligence,) shin (sincerity,) chu (loyalty,) and koh (piety.)”‘Divided skirt usually worn by black-belt ranks. In some Dojo, the Hakama is also worn by women of all ranks, and in some Dojo by all practitioners.
Hanmi The basic triangular stance of Aikido.Triangular stance. Most often Aikido techniques are practiced with Uke and Nage in pre-determined stances. This is to facilitate learning the techniques and certain principles of positioning with respect to an attack. At higher levels, specific Hanmi cease to be of much importance. Standing posture in which one foot is advanced.
Hanmi Handachi Position with Nage sitting, Uke standing. Training in Hanmi Handachi Waza is a good way of practicing techniques as though with a significantly larger/taller opponent. This type of training also emphasizes movement from one’s center of mass (Hara).Situation in which one person is sitting and the other standing.
Hanmi Handachi waza Techniques performed when one is sitting and the other standing.
Happo 8 directions; as in Happo-Undo (8 direction exercise) or Happo-Giri.
Happo-Giri (8 direction cutting with the sword). The connotation here is really movement in all directions. In Aikido, one must be prepared to turn in any direction in an instant.
Hara One’s center, the seat of one’s life energy.One’s center of mass, located about 2″ below the navel. Traditionally this was thought to be the location of the spirit/mind/(source of Ki). Aikido techniques should be executed as much as possible from or through one’s Hara. Editors note: Refer to Tanden. Hara just means below navel.
Harigaya Usai Sekiun A renowned seventeenth century Japanese swordsman.
Hasso No Kamae “Figure-eight” stance. The figure eight does not correspond to the Arabic numeral “8”, but rather to the Chinese/Japanese character which looks more like the roof of a house. In Hasso No Kamae, the sword is held up beside one’s head, so that the elbows spread down and out from the sword in a pattern resembling this figure-eight character. Henka Waza Varied technique. Especially beginning one technique and changing to another in mid-execution. Ex. beginning Ikkyo but changing to Irimi-Nage.
Hidari Left.
Hidari Hanmi Left natural posture.
Hiji-jime Lock applied against the elbow.
Hiji Tori Elbow grab.
Hiji Osae Elbow control.
Hijiri Sage.
Hiriki Elbow power.
Hoko Spear, one of the component elements in the kanji bu.
Honbu Dojo A term used to refer to the central dojo of an organization. Thus this usually designates Aikido World Headquarters. (see Aikikai)The international headquarters of Aikido

.Ichi One, first.One.
Ikkajo osae First control.
Ikkyo The first movement, the first principle.First Technique (arm pin).
Inazuma Lightning.
Irimi The act of entering directly into the attack.(lit. “Entering the Body”) Entering movement. Many aikidoka think that the Irimi movement expresses the very essence of Aikido. The idea behind Irimi is to place oneself in relation to an attacker in such a way that the attacker is unable to continue to attack effectively, and in such a way that one is able to control effectively the attacker’s balance. (See Shikaku). Literally “putting in the body.” Tori brings his body into – or almost into -contact with uke’s body to effect the technique.
Irimi Nage Entering throw (“20 year” technique). A throw whose main element is irimi. Throw in which tori brings his body into contact with, or very close to uke.

Jin Benevolence.
Jinja A (Shinto) shrine. There is an Aiki Jinja located in Iwama, Ibaraki prefecture, Japan.
Jiuwaza Free-style practice.Free-style practice of techniques. This usually involves more than one attacker who may attack Nage in any way desired.
Jo The five-foot wooden staff.Wooden staff about 4′-5′ in length. The Jo originated as a walking stick. Many Jo movements come from traditional Japanese spear-fighting, others may have come from Jo-jutsu, but many seem to have been innovated by the founder. The Jo is usually used in advanced practice.
Jodan Upper position. Jodan No Kamae is thus a stance with the hands or a weapon held in a high position.
Ju Ten.
Juji Nage Arm entwining throw.

Kachihayabi “Victory at the speed of sunlight.” According to the founder, when one has achieved total self-mastery (Agatsu) and perfect accord with the fundamental principles governing the universe (especially principles covering ethical interaction), one will have the power of the entire universe at one’s disposal, there no longer being any real difference between oneself and the universe. At this stage of spiritual advancement, victory is instantaneous. The very intention of an attacker to perpetrate an act of violence breaks harmony with the fundamental principles of the universe, and no one can compete successfully against such principles. Also, the expression of the fundamental principles of the universe in human life is love (Ai), and love, according to the founder, has no enemies. Having no enemies, one has no need to fight, and thus always emerges victorious. (see Agatsu and Masakatsu)
Kaeshi Waza Technique reversal. (Uke becomes Nage and vice-versa). This is usually a very advanced form of practice. Kaeshi Waza practice helps to instill a sensitivity to shifts in resistance or direction in the movements of one’s partner. Training so as to anticipate and prevent the application of Kaeshi Waza against one’s own techniques greatly sharpens Aikido skills.
Kaeshiwaza Reversal technique(s).
Kagura mai Dance of the gods.
Kaiso A title. The founder of Aikido (i.e., Morihei Ueshiba).
Kaiten Nage Rotary throw.Spinning throw.
Kamae A posture or stance either with or without a weapon. Kamae may also connote proper distance (Ma Ai) with respect to one’s partner. Although “Kamae” generally refers to a physical stance, there is an important parallel in Aikido between one’s physical and one’s psychological bearing. Adopting a strong physical stance helps to promote the correlative adoption of a strong psychological attitude. It is important to try so far as possible to maintain a positive and strong mental bearing in Aikido.Posture.
Kami God(s).A divinity, living force, or spirit. According to Shinto, the natural world is full of Kami, which are often sensitive or responsive to the actions of human beings.
Kamiza A small shrine, especially in an Aikido, generally located at the front of the dojo, and often housing a picture of the founder, or some calligraphy. One generally bows in the direction of the Kamiza when entering or leaving the dojo, or the mat.Kanji Chinese characters, ideographs.
Kannagara no michi Way of the Japanese emperor and of the gods.
Kansetsu Waza Joint manipulation techniques. Literally “Against the joint”.
Kata Set form(s).A “form” or prescribed pattern of movement, especially with the Jo in Aikido. (But also “shoulder.”) Shoulder.
Kata Tori Shoulder hold.Shoulder grab(s).
Katame Waza “Hold-down” (pinning) techniques.
Katana What is vulgarly called a “samurai sword.”
Katate One hand. Katate Tori One hand holding one hand.Wrist grab(s).
Katsu Jin Ken “The sword that saves life.” As Japanese swordsmanship became more and more influenced by Buddhism (especially Zen Buddhism) and Taoism, practitioners became increasingly interested in incorporating ethical principles into their discipline. The consummate master of swordsmanship, according to some such practitioners, should be able not only to use the sword to kill, but also to save life. The concept of Katsu Jin Ken found some explicit application in the development of techniques which would use non-cutting parts of the sword to strike or control one’s opponent, rather than to kill him/her. The influence of some of these techniques can sometimes be seen in Aikido. Other techniques were developed by which an unarmed person (or a person unwilling to draw a weapon) could disarm an attacker. These techniques are frequently practiced in Aikido. (see Setsu Nin To)The saving of your enemy’s life.
Kazumi Ise no Kami Nobutsena Founder of the Shin Nage sword school.
Keiko Practice.Training. The only secret to success in Aikido.
Ken Sword.Sword.
Kendo The modern art of Japanese fencing.
Kenjutsu Sword techniques.
Kensho Enlightenment. (see Mokuso and Satori)
Kesa giri Daigonal cut across the body.
Ki Life energy.Mind. Spirit. Energy. Vital-force. Intention. (Chinese = chi) For many Aikidoka, the primary goal of training in Aikido is to learn how to “extend” Ki, or to learn how to control or redirect the Ki of others. There are both “realist” and anti-realist interpretations of Ki. The Ki-realist takes Ki to be, literally, a kind of “stuff,” “energy,” or life-force which flows within the body. Developing or increasing one’s own Ki, according to the Ki- realist, thus confers upon the Aikidoka greater power and control over his/her own body, and may also have the added benefits of improved health and longevity. According to the Ki-anti-realist, Ki is a concept which covers a wide range of psycho-physical phenomena, but which does not denote any objectively existing “energy” or “stuff.” The Ki-anti-realist believes, for example, that to “extend Ki” is just to adopt a certain kind of positive psychological disposition and to correlate that psychological disposition with just the right combination of balance, relaxation, and judicious application of physical force. Since the description “extend Ki” is somewhat more manageable, the concept of Ki has a class of well-defined uses for the Ki-anti-realist, but does not carry with it any ontological commitments beyond the scope of mainstream scientific theories.
Ki Musubi Ki No Musubi Literally “knotting/tying-up Ki”. The act/process of matching one’s partner’s movement/intention at its inception, and maintaining a connection to one’s partner throughout the application of an Aikido technique. Proper Ki Musubi requires a mind that is clear, flexible, and attentive. (see Setsuzoku)
Kiai A shout delivered for the purpose of focusing all of one’s energy into a single movement. Even when audible Kiai are absent, one should try to preserve the feeling of Kiai at certain crucial points within Aikido techniques.
Kihon (Something which is) fundamental. There are often many seemingly very different ways of performing the same technique in Aikido. To see beneath the surface features of the technique and grasp the core common is to comprehend the Kihon.
Kihon Dosa Fundamental movement.
Kime Bending the joint in the direction of natural movement.
Kobudo Classical Japanese martial arts.
Koh Piety.
Kohai Junior student.A student junior to oneself.
Kojiki Japanese myths of origin.
Kokoro “Heart or mind.” Japanese folk psychology does not distinguish clearly between the seat of intellect and the seat of emotion as does Western folk psychology.
Kokyu Breath or breathing as cyclic energy.Breath. Part of Aikido is the development of “Kokyu Ryoku”, or “breath power.” This is the coordination of breath with movement. A prosaic example: When lifting a heavy object, it is generally easier when breathing out. Also breath control may facilitate greater concentration and the elimination of stress. In many traditional forms of meditation, focus on the breath is used as a method for developing heightened concentration or mental equanimity. This is also the case in Aikido. A number of exercises in Aikido are called “Kokyu Ho,” or “breath exercises.” These exercises are meant to help one develop Kokyu Ryoku.
Kokyu Nage Breath throws.
Kokyu Ho Litterally “breathing method.”
Kokyu-ryoku Breathing power.
Kokyu tanden ho An exercise in musubi, in blending the rhythm of your vital energies with those of your partner.
Kosadori Cross-hand grab.
Koshi Nage Hip throw.Hip throw.
Kote Gaeshi Wrist turn-out.Wrist twist. “Outward wrist twist.”
Kote giri Wrist cut.
Kotodama Spiritual sounds.A practice of intoning various sounds (phonetic components of the Japanese language) for the purpose of producing mystical states. The founder of Aikido was greatly interested in Shinto and Neo-Shinto mystical practices, and he incorporated a number of them into his personal Aikido practice.
Ku Emptiness. According to Buddhism, the fundamental character of things is absence (or emptiness) of individual unchanging essences. The realization of the essencelessness of things is what permits the cultivation of psychological non-attachment, and thus cognitive equanimity. The direct realization of (or experience of insight into) emptiness is enlightenment. This shows up in Aikido in the ideal of developing a state of cognitive openness, permitting one to respond immedaitely and intuitively to changing circumstances (see Mokuso).
Ku no ji giri Cut in the shape of the character ku.
Kumi tachi Paired sword practice in which both partners begin with their swords already drawn.
Kumiiai Paired sword practice in which both partners begin with their swards still sheathed, in part practice in the art of drawing swords.
Kumijo Jo matching exercise (partner practice).
Kumitachi Sword matching exercise (partner practice).
Kurai Secret, consciousness, inner being.
Kurai dori To control another’s consciousness.
Kuzushi The principle of destroying one’s partner’s balance. In Aikido, a technique cannot be properly applied unless one first unbalances one’s partner. To achieve proper Kuzushi, in Aikido, one should rely primarily on position and timing, rather than merely on physical force.
Kyu Grades preceding yudansha rank.White belt rank. (Or any rank below Shodan)
Kyu (Ku) Nine

Ma-ai Proper distancing or timing with respect to one’s partner. Since Aikido techniques always vary according to circumstances, it is important to understand how differences in initial position affect the timing and application of techniques.Distance between opponents.
Mae Front. Thus Mae Ukemi = “forward fall/roll”.
Marui Circular motion.
Masakatsu “True victory.” (see Agatsu and Kachihayabi)
Metsubushi Literally “Smashing the eyes”.
Meiji Restoration The period following the advent of Admiral Perry, in which Japan began the process of modernization.
Michi Way.
Migi Right.
Migi Hanmi Right natural posture.
Misogi Cleansing, spiritual cleansing.Ritual purification. Aikido training may be looked upon as a means of purifying oneself; eliminating defiling characteristics from one’s mind or personality. Although there are some specific exercises for Misogi practice, such as breathing exercises, in point of fact, every aspect of Aikido training may be looked upon as Misogi. This, however, is a matter of one’s attitude or approach to training, rather than an objective feature of the training itself. Misogi harai Actions that realize misogi.
Miyamoto Musashi One of Japan’s greatest and most renowned swordsmen, author of The Book of Five Rings.
Mochi Grip.
Mokuso Meditation. Practice often begins or ends with a brief period of meditation. The purpose of meditation is to clear one’s mind and to develop cognitive equanimity. Perhaps more importantly, meditation is an opportunity to become aware of conditioned patterns of thought and behavior so that such patterns can be modified, eliminated or more efficiently put to use. In addition, meditation may occasion experiences of insight into various aspects of Aikido (or, if one accepts certain Buddhist claims, into the very structure of reality). Ideally, the sort of cognitive awareness and focus that one cultivates in meditation should carry over into the rest of one’s practice, so that the distinction between the “meditative mind” and the “normal mind” collapses. Morote Tori Two hands holding one hand. Mu Void. Mudansha Students without black-belt ranking.
Mune Chest.
Mune Dori One or two hand lapel hold.
Munetsuki Strike or thrust to the middle body.
Mushin Literally “no mind”. A state of cognitive awareness characterized by the absence of discursive thought. A state of mind in which the mind acts/reacts without hypostatization of concepts. Mushin is often erroneously taken to be a state of mere spontaneity. Although spontaneity is a feature of Mushin, it is not straightforwardly identical with it. It might be said that when in a state of Mushin, one is free to use concepts and distinctions without being used by them.
Musubi Harmonious connection, unity, ultimately our unity with all life and with the universe.

Nagare Flowing. One goal of Aikido practice is to learn not to oppose physical force with physical force. Rather, one strives to flow along with physical force, redirecting it to one’s advantage.
Nage A throw, one who throws.The thrower. Throw.
Nage waza Throwing technique.
Ni Two
Nikajo osae Second control.
Nikyo Second technique, a techniques that uses wrist torque to control the opponent’s center.Second Technique (wrist turn in)

.O-Sensei Great Teacher.Literally, “Great Teacher,” i.e., Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of Aikido.
Obi belt.
Omote To the front.“The front,” thus, a class of movements in Aikido in which Nage enters in front of Uke.
Omotokyo One of the so-called “new-religions” of Japan. Omotokyo is a syncretic amalgam of Shintoism, Neo-Shinto mysticism, Christianity, and Japanese folk religion. The founder of Aikido was a devotee of Omotokyo, and incorporated some elements from it into his Aikido practice. The founder insisted, however, that one need not be a devotee of Omotokyo in order to study Aikido or to comprehend Aikido’s purpose. Onegai Shimasu “I welcome you to train with me,” or literally, “I make a request.” This is said to one’s partner when initiating practice.
Osae Waza Pinning techniques.Controlling technique.

Randori Multiple attack practice.Free-style “all-out” training. Sometimes used as a synonym for Jiyu Waza. Although Aikido techniques are usually practiced with a single partner, it is important to keep in mind the possibility that one may be attacked by multiple aggressors. Many of the body movements of Aikido (Tai Sabaki) are meant to facilitate defense against multiple attackers.
Rei Etiquette, courtesy.
Reigi Etiquette, courtesy.Etiquette. Observance of proper etiquette at all times (but especially observance of proper Dojo etiquette) is as much a part of one’s training as the practice of techniques. Observation of etiquette indicates one’s sincerity, one’s willingness to learn, and one’s recognition of the rights and interests of others.
Roku Six
Ronin A Samurai without a lord. Most Samurai swore fealty to a fudal lord. Those without current employment or property, thus no lord to serve or land to protect, were wandering Samurai in search of employment.
Ryo Kata Tori Grabbing both shoulders.
Ryoku Power.
Ryote Both hands.
Ryote Tori Two hands holding two hands.
Ryotemochi Two-hand grab (either two hand grabbing one hand or two hands grabbing two hands).
Ryu Style or school of practice, as in “Daito ryu jujutsu”.

Samurai One who serves.
San Three
Sankajo Third control.
Sankyo Third technique, control of the opponent’s center through the wrist and elbow.Third Technique (arm twist in).
Satori Enlightenment, epiphany.Enlightenment.In Buddhism, enlightenment is characterized by a direct realization or apprehension of the absence of unchanging essences behind phenomena. Rather, phenomena are seen to be empty of such essences — phenomena exist in thoroughgoing interdependence (Engi). As characterized by the founder of Aikido, enlightenment consists in realizing a fundamental unity between oneself and the (principles governing) the universe. The most important ethical principle the aikidoist should gain insight into is that one should cultivate a spirit of loving protection for all things. (see Ku and Shinnyo)
Satsu jin ken The destruction or killing of one’s enemy.
Seiza Traditional Japanese manner of sitting with one’s knees folded under one.Sitting on one’s knees. Sitting this way requires acclimatization, but provides both a stable base and greater ease of movement than sitting cross-legged. Formal sitting position.
Seiza ho Moving into formal sitting position.
Sempai Senior Student.A student senior to oneself.
Sensei Teacher, one who gives guidance along the way, one who goes before.Teacher. It is usually considered proper to address the instructor during practice as “Sensei” rather than by his/her name. If the instructor is a permanent instructor for one’s Dojo or for an organization, it is proper to address him/her as “Sensei” off the mat as well.
Setsu Nin To “The sword that kills.” Although this would seem to indicate a purely negative concept, there is, in fact, a positive connotation to this term. Apart from the common assumption that killing may sometimes be a “necessary evil” which may serve to prevent an even greater evil, the concept of killing has a wide variety of metaphorical applications. One may, for example, strive to “kill” such harmful character traits as ignorance, selfishness, or (excessive) competitiveness. Some Misogi sword exercises in Aikido, for example, involve imagining that each cut of the sword destroys some negative aspect of one’s personality. In this way, Setsu Nin To and Katsu Jin Ken coalesce.
Setsuzoku Connection. Aikido techniques are generally rendered more efficient by preserving a connection between one’s center of mass (Hara) and the outer limits of the movement, or between one’s own center of mass and that of one’s partner. Also, Setsuzoku may connote fluidity and continuity in technique. On a psychological level, Setsuzoku may connote the relationship of action-response that exists between oneself and one’s partner, such that successful performance of Aikido techniques depends crucially upon timing one’s own actions and responses to accord with those of one’s partner.
Shi (Yon) Four
Shichi (Nana)Seven
Shidoin A formal title meaning, approximately, “instructor.”
Shihan Master teacher.A formal title meaning, approximately, “master instructor.” A “teacher of teachers.”
Shihan-dai Designated representative(s) of a shihan.
Shihonage “Four direction” throw.Four-corner throw. Literally “four directions throw.”.
Shikaku Literally “dead angle.” A position relative to one’s partner where it is difficult for him/her to (continue to) attack, and from which it is relatively easy to control one’s partner’s balance and movement. The first phase of an Aikido technique is often to establish Shikaku.
Shikko Traditional manner of walking on one’s knees.Samurai walking (“knee walking”). Shikko is very important for developing a strong awareness of one’s center of mass (Hara). It also develops strength in one’s hips and legs. Moving on the knees.
Shin Sincerity.
Shinkenshobu Lit. “Duel with live swords.” This expresses the attitude one should have about Aikido training, i.e., one should treat the practice session as though it were, in some respects, a life-or-death duel with live swords. In particular, one’s attention during Aikido training should be single-mindedly focused on Aikido, just as, during a life-or-death duel, one’s attention is entirely focused on the duel.
Shinnyo “Thusness” or “suchness.” A term commonly used in Buddhist philosophy (and especially in Zen Buddhism) to denote the character of things as they are experienced without filtering the experiences through an overt conceptual framework. There is some question whether “pure” uninterpreted experience (independent of all conceptualization & categorization) is possible given the neurological/cognitive makeup of human beings. However, Shinnyo can also be taken to signify experience of things as empty of individual essences (see “Ku”).
Shinto Way of the Gods, traditional religion of Japan.“The way of the gods.” The indigenous religion of Japan. The founder of Aikido was deeply influenced by Omotokyo, a religion largely grounded in Shinto mysticism. (see Kami) Shodan First degree black belt.
Shomen The head, a cut or strike to the front of the head.Front or top of head. Also the designated front of a Dojo. Front.
Shomenuchi Overhead strike to the head.Specifically, an empty hand strike to the front of the head with the blade of the hand.
Shuchu Concentration.
Shuchu-ryoku Concentration of power.
Shumatsu dosa “Deciding” or “fixing” movement.
Shuto A sharp strike with the blade of the hand.
Sokumen Side.
Soto “Outside.” Thus, a class of Aikido movements executed, especially, outside the attacker’s arm(s). (see Uchi)
Suburi Repetitions of a motion done in order to perfect performance.Basic Jo or Bokken practice in striking and thrusting.
Sukashi Waza Techniques performed without allowing the attacker to complete a grab or to initiate a strike. Ideally, one should be sensitive enough to the posture and movements of an attacker (or would-be attacker) that the attack is neutralized before it is fully executed. A great deal of both physical and cognitive training is required in order to attain this ideal.
Suki Openings, weak points.An opening or gap where one is vulnerable to attack or application of a technique, or where one’s technique is otherwise flawed. Suki may be either physical or psychological. One goal of training is to be sensitive to Suki within one’s own movement or position, as well as to detect Suki in the movement or position of one’s partner. Ideally, a master of Aikido will have developed his/her skill to such an extent that he/she no longer has any true Suki.
Sumi Otoshi “Corner drop.”
Suri-ashi Gliding the feet.
Sutemi Literally “to throw-away the body.” The attitude of abandoning oneself to the execution of a technique (in judo, a class of techniques where one sacrifices one’s own balance/position in order to throw one’s partner). (See Ai Uchi).
Suwari Waza Techniques executed with both Uke and Nage in a seated position. These techniques have their historical origin (in part) in the practice of requiring all samurai to sit and move about on their knees while in the presence of a Daimyo (feudal lord). In theory, this made it more difficult for anyone to attack the Daimyo. But this was also a position in which one received guests (not all of whom were always trustworthy). In contemporary Aikido, Suwari Waza is important for learning to use one’s hips and legs.Technique(s) performed in seiza and shikko. Sitting techniques.

Tachi Sword.A type of Japanese sword (thus Tachi-Tori = sword-taking). (Also “standing position”).
Tachi Waza Standing techniques.Standing techniques.
Tachidori Sword taking.
Tai No Kenko, Tai No Tenkan Basic blending practice involving turning 180 degrees.
Tai Sabaki Body movement.
Taijutsu “Body arts,” i.e., unarmed practice.
Takemusu Aiki A “slogan” of the founder’s meaning “infinitely generative martial art of aiki.” Thus, a synonym for Aikido. The scope of Aikido is not limited only to the standard, named techniques one studies regularly in practice. Rather, these standard techniques serve as repositories of more fundamental principles (Kihon). Once one has internalized the Kihon, it is possible to generate a virtually infinite variety of new Aikido techniques in accordance with novel conditions.
Taninsugake Training against multiple attackers, usually from grabbing attacks.
Tandoku undo Basic Hand and foot movements.
Tanto A dagger.
Tegatana “Hand sword”, i.e. the edge of the hand. Many Aikido movements emphasize extension and alignment “through” one’s tegatana. Also, there are important similarities obtaining between Aikido sword techniques, and the principles of tegatana application.The “cutting” edge of the hand.
Teji Kara no Mikoto The god of incomparable strength.
Te Waza Hand techniques.
Tenchi Heaven and earth, or up and down.
Tenchinage “Heaven and earth” throw.Heaven and earth throw.
Tenkan Turning movement used to dissipate force.Turning movement, esp. turning the body 180 degrees. (see Tai No Tenkan)
Tenshin A movement where NAGE retreats 45 degrees away from the attack (esp. to Uke’s open side).
Todemeru To stop, one of the component elements in the kanji bu.
Tori The one who applied the techniques and the eventual winner.
Tuki A thrust or punch.A punch or thrust (esp. an attack to the midsection). Straight thrust (punch), esp. to the midsection. Thrust.
Tsugi-ashi Succeeding feet, Your feet must slide / glide and not lift of the mat. When moving forwards you must push off your rear foot and when backwards for front foot.Maintain the correct distance between you feet at all times. Do not raise or lower your hips.

Uchi “Inside.” A class of techniques where Nage moves, especially, inside (under) the attacker’s arm(s). (but also a strike, e.g., Shomen Uchi)Blow.
Uchi Deshi Personal student or disciple.A live-in student. A student who lives in a dojo and devotes him/herself both to training and to the maintenance of the dojo (and sometimes to personal service to the Sensei of the dojo).
Ude osai Control of the center through the arm.
Ueshiba Kisshomaru The current doshu, O Sensei’s son.The son of the founder of Aikido and current Aikido Doshu.
Ueshiba Morihei The founder of Aikido.The founder of Aikido. (see O-Sensei and Kaiso).
Ueshiba Moriteru The grandson of the founder and current Dojo Cho at Hombu Dojo.
Uke The one who receives the force, the person who is thrown.Person being thrown (receiving the technique). At high levels of practice, the distinction between Uke and Nage becomes blurred. In part, this is because it becomes unclear who initiates the technique, and also because, from a certain perspective, Uke and Nage are thoroughly interdependent. The one who receives the technique and the eventual loser.
Ukemi The art of being an uke.Literally “receiving [with/through] the body,” thus, the art of falling in response to a technique. Mae Ukemi are front roll-falls, Ushiro Ukemi are back roll-falls. Ideally, one should be able to execute Ukemi from any position and in any direction. The development of proper ukemi skills is just as important as the development of throwing skills and is no less deserving of attention and effort. In the course of practicing Ukemi, one has the opportunity to monitor the way one is being moved so as to gain a clearer understanding of the principles of Aikido techniques. Just as standard Aikido techniques provide strategies for defending against physical attacks, so does Ukemi practice provide strategies for defending against falling (or even against the application of an Aikido or Aikido-like technique!). Breakfalls.
Ura To the rear.“Rear.” A class of Aikido techniques executed by moving behind the attacker and turning. Sometimes Ura techniques are called Tenkan (turning) techniques.
Ushiro Backwards or behind, as in Ushiro Ukemi or falling backwards.
Ushiro Kubi Shime Rear choke.
Ushiro Ryo Kata Tori Grabbing both shoulders from the back.
Ushiro Ryote Tori Two hands holding two hands from the back.
Ushiro Tekubi Tori Wrist grab from the back.
Ushirowaza Technique(s) in which one is attacked from behind.

Waza Techniques. Techniques. Although in Aikido we have to practice specific techniques,Aikido as it might manifest itself in self-defense may not resemble any particular, standard Aikido technique. This is because Aikido techniques encode strategies and types of movement which are modified in accordance with changing conditions. (see Kihon) Technique.

x-Tori (x-Dori)Taking away x, e.g. Tanto-Tori (knife-taking).

Yoko Side.
Yokomen Strike or cut to the side of the head or neck.Side of the head. Side.
Yokomen Uchi Diagonal strike to the side of the head.Specifically, an empty hand strike to the side of the head or neck with the blade of the hand.
Yonkajo osae Fourth control.
Yonkyo Fourth technique, control of the opponent’s center through his wrist, elbow, and shoulder.Fourth Technique (arm bar down).
Yudansha Those who have achieved Dan, or black belt, ranking in an art.Black belt holder (any rank).
Yukoku no shi Noble guardians of a nation, another term for samurai.

Zanshin The complete and continuous awareness of one’s surroundings.Lit. “remaining mind/heart.” Even after an Aikido technique has been completed, one should remain in a balanced and aware state.Zanshin thus connotes “following through” in a technique,as well as preservation of one’s awareness so that one is prepared to respond to additional attacks. Completion of the technique in which awareness of opponent and surroundings is maintained.
Zen A school or division of Buddhism characterized by techniques designed to produce enlightenment. In particular, Zen emphasizes various sorts of meditative practices, which are supposed to lead the practitioner to a direct insight into the fundamental character of reality (see Ku and Mokuso).
Zori Sandals worn off the mat to help keep the mat clean!